Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb los ntawm Lub Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ntiaj Teb, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg mob myopia hauv Suav teb tau nce mus txog 600 lab hauv 2018, thiab myopia tus nqi ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb. Tuam Tshoj tau dhau los ua lub teb chaws loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb nrog myopia. Raws li 2021 cov ntaub ntawv suav pej xeem, myopia tus nqi suav txog kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm lub teb chaws cov pej xeem. Nrog rau cov neeg coob coob ntawm cov neeg myopia, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev paub txog kev paub txog myopia.
Lub mechanism ntawm myopia
Qhov tseeb pathogenesis ntawm myopia tseem tsis paub meej txog tam sim no. Txhawm rau muab nws yooj yim, peb tsis paub vim li cas myopia tshwm sim.
Cov xwm txheej cuam tshuam nrog myopia
Raws li kev tshawb fawb kho mob thiab optometry, qhov tshwm sim ntawm myopia cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam xws li noob caj noob ces thiab ib puag ncig, thiab tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam nrog cov hauv qab no.
1. Myopia muaj qee yam caj ces. Raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov caj ces ntawm myopia ua ntau thiab ntau qhov tob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pathological myopia muaj keeb kwm ntawm tsev neeg, tam sim no tau lees paub tias pathological myopia yog ib hom kab mob caj ces, thiab feem ntau yog autosomal recessive qub txeeg qub teg. . Tej yam yooj yim myopia tam sim no tau txais los ntawm ntau yam, nrog rau cov khoom tau txais ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb.
2. Hais txog tej yam ib puag ncig, tej yam xws li kev nyeem ntawv ntev ntev, tsis muaj teeb pom kev zoo, lub sij hawm nyeem ntawv ntev dhau los, kev sau ntawv tsis meej lossis me me dhau, kev zaum tsis zoo, tsis muaj zaub mov noj, txo qis hauv kev ua si sab nraum zoov, thiab qib kev kawm nce ntxiv yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev loj hlob ntawm myopia. tshwm sim muaj feem xyuam.
Classification qhov sib txawv ntawm myopia
Muaj ntau qhov kev faib tawm ntawm myopia, vim tias qhov ua rau pib, qhov ua rau muaj qhov txawv txav tsis zoo, qhov degree ntawm myopia, lub sijhawm ntawm myopia, kev ruaj ntseg, thiab seb kev hloov kho puas tuaj yeem siv tau raws li kev faib tawm.
1. Raws li qhov degree ntawm myopia:
Tsawg myopia:tsawg dua 300 degrees (≤-3.00 D).
Mob myopia:300 ° txog 600 ° (-3.00 D ~ -6.00 D).
Myopia:ntau dua 600 degrees (>-6.00 D) (tseem hu ua pathological myopia)
2. Raws li tus qauv refractive (qhov laj thawj ncaj qha):
(1) Refractive myopia,uas yog myopia tshwm sim los ntawm qhov nce ntawm lub zog refractive ntawm lub qhov muag vim qhov txawv txav ntawm lub qhov muag refractive Cheebtsam los yog ib qho txawv txav ntawm cov khoom thaum lub axial ntev ntawm lub qhov muag yog qhov qub. Hom myopia no tuaj yeem ua ib ntus lossis mus tas li.
Refractive myopia tuaj yeem muab faib ua curvature myopia thiab refractive index myopia. Cov qub no feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov curvature ntau dhau ntawm lub cornea lossis lens, xws li cov neeg mob keratoconus, spherical lens lossis lens me; qhov tom kawg yog tshwm sim los ntawm ntau qhov refractive index ntawm aqueous lom zem thiab lens, xws li thawj cataract, iris-ciliary lub cev o cov neeg mob.
(2) Axial myopia:Nws tau muab faib ua cov yas axial myopia thiab yas axial myopia. Tsis yog-yas axial myopia txhais tau hais tias lub zog refractive ntawm lub qhov muag yog qhov qub, tab sis qhov ntev ntawm lub qhov muag sab hauv thiab tom qab ntawm lub qhov muag tshaj qhov qub. Txhua 1 hli nce nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag axis yog sib npaug rau qhov nce ntawm 300 degrees ntawm myopia. Feem ntau, lub diopter ntawm axial myopia yog tsawg dua 600 degrees ntawm myopia. Tom qab lub diopter ntawm ib nrab axial myopia nce mus rau 600 degrees, qhov ntev ntawm lub qhov muag tseem nce ntxiv. Lub myopia diopter tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau dua 1000 degrees, thiab qee zaum txawm nce mus txog 2000 degrees. Hom myopia no hu ua kev mob siab myopia lossis deformed myopia.
Lub qhov muag muaj ntau yam kev hloov pauv xws li myopia siab, thiab lub zeem muag tsis tuaj yeem kho tau zoo. Hom myopia no muaj keeb kwm ntawm tsev neeg thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam txog caj ces. Tseem muaj kev cia siab rau kev tswj hwm thiab kev rov zoo thaum yau, tab sis tsis yog neeg laus.
Yas axial myopia tseem hu ua yas tseeb myopia. Yog vim li cas, xws li tsis muaj cov vitamins thiab kab kawm thaum lub sij hawm kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob tuaj yeem ua rau myopia, thiab myopia tshwm sim los ntawm ophthalmia lossis kab mob hauv lub cev. Nws tau muab faib ua cov yas ib ntus pseudomyopia, yas intermediate myopia thiab yas axial myopia.
(a) Yas ib ntus pseudomyopia:Hom myopia no siv sijhawm luv dua los tsim dua li cov yas ib ntus pseudomyopia. Hom kab mob myopia no, zoo li pseudomyopia ib ntus, tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau qhov pom kev zoo nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv. Ntau hom myopia xav tau cov txheej txheem rov qab sib txawv. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov yas ib ntus pseudomyopia: thaum kho cov khoom, qhov muag pom kev zoo; Thaum cov xwm txheej tshiab tshwm sim, myopia txuas ntxiv mus tob. Feem ntau, muaj cov plasticity ntau yam li ntawm 25 txog 300 degrees.
(b) Yas intermediate myopia:Qhov pom kev acuity tsis txhim kho tom qab kho cov xwm txheej, thiab tsis muaj cov yas tseeb myopia uas txuas rau qhov pom axis.
(c) Yas axial myopia:Thaum cov yas pseudomyopia nyob rau hauv axial myopia hom kev loj hlob mus rau cov yas tseeb myopia, nws yog qhov nyuaj dua los kho qhov muag. Myopia rov qab kev cob qhia 1 + 1 kev pabcuam yog siv, thiab kev rov qab nrawm kuj qeeb. Nws yuav tsum tau Lub sij hawm kuj ntev heev.
(3) Cov kab mob myopia:thawj ob hom myopia coexist
3. Kev faib tawm raws li kab mob kev loj hlob thiab kev hloov pauv pathological
(1) Yooj yim myopia:Kuj hu ua juvenile myopia, nws yog ib hom myopia. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm caj ces tseem tsis tau meej. Nws yog feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev siv lub ntsej muag pom kev loj hlob thaum hluas thiab kev loj hlob. Nrog lub hnub nyoog thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev, ntawm ib lub hnub nyoog, yuav zoo li ruaj khov. Qhov degree ntawm myopia feem ntau qis lossis nruab nrab, myopia nce qeeb, thiab kho qhov muag pom tau zoo.
(3) Pathological myopia:Kuj tseem hu ua kev mob myopia, nws feem ntau muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm caj ces. Myopia txuas ntxiv mus tob zuj zus, nce sai heev thaum lub hnub nyoog hluas, thiab lub pob qhov muag tseem tab tom tsim txawm tias tom qab hnub nyoog 20 xyoo. Kev pom kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, tshwm sim los ntawm qis dua li ib txwm nyob deb thiab ze ze, thiab qhov pom kev txawv txav thiab qhov sib txawv rhiab heev. Nrog rau cov teeb meem xws li retinal degeneration nyob rau hauv lub posterior ncej ntawm lub qhov muag, myopic arc me ntsis, macular hemorrhage, thiab posterior scleral staphyloma, tus kab mob no zuj zus mus tob thiab loj hlob; qhov pom kev kho qhov muag tsis zoo nyob rau theem lig.
4.Classification raws li seb puas muaj kev hloov kho quab yuam cuam tshuam.
(1) Pseudomyopia:Kuj tseem hu ua accommodative myopia, nws yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntev mus ntev, nce kev pom kev, tsis muaj peev xwm los so, ua kom nruj lossis haum rau spasm. Myopia tuaj yeem ploj mus los ntawm kev siv tshuaj los nthuav cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws feem ntau ntseeg tias hom myopia no yog thawj theem ntawm myopia tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob.
(2) Qhov tseeb myopia:Tom qab siv cov tshuaj cycloplegic thiab lwm yam tshuaj, myopia degree tsis txo qis los yog qib ntawm myopia txo qis dua 0.50D.
(3) Mixed myopia:hais txog lub diopter ntawm myopia uas tau txo qis tom qab siv cov tshuaj cycloplegic thiab lwm yam kev kho mob, tab sis lub xeev emmetropic tseem tsis tau rov qab los.
Qhov tseeb lossis cuav myopia yog txhais los ntawm seb puas muaj kev cuam tshuam. Lub qhov muag tuaj yeem zoom ntawm lawv tus kheej los ntawm qhov deb mus rau cov khoom nyob ze, thiab lub peev xwm zoom no nyob ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub qhov muag. Kev ua haujlwm txawv txav ntawm lub qhov muag tau muab faib ntxiv rau hauv: haum rau ib ntus pseudomyopia thiab haum qhov tseeb myopia.
Kev kho mob pseudomyopia ib ntus, qhov pom kev zoo dua tom qab mydriasis, thiab qhov pom kev zoo dua tom qab ob lub qhov muag so rau lub sijhawm. Nyob rau hauv qhov nruab nrab myopia, qhov pom kev pom tom qab dilation tsis tuaj yeem ncav cuag 5.0, lub qhov muag axis yog qhov qub, thiab qhov chaw ntawm lub qhov muag tsis txuas ntxiv anatomically. Tsuas yog los ntawm kev nce qib myopia kom tsim nyog tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov pom ntawm 5.0.
Kho qhov tseeb myopia. Nws yog hais txog qhov ua tsis tiav ntawm kev kho mob pseudomyopia kom rov qab tau raws sijhawm. Qhov teeb meem no kav ntev, thiab lub qhov muag axis yog lengthened nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav hloov mus rau qhov ze ze ze ze ntawm lub zeem muag ib puag ncig.
Tom qab lub axial ntev ntawm lub qhov muag yog lengthened, cov leeg ciliary ntawm lub qhov muag yog so thiab lub convexity ntawm lub lens rov qab mus rau qhov qub. Myopia tau ua tiav cov txheej txheem evolutionary tshiab. Txhua axial ntev ntawm lub qhov muag yog ncua los ntawm 1 hli. Myopia tob txog 300 degrees. Kev kho qhov tseeb myopia yog tsim. Hom myopia qhov tseeb no yog qhov tseem ceeb txawv ntawm axial tseeb myopia. Hom myopia qhov tseeb no kuj muaj peev xwm ua kom pom kev zoo.
Ntxiv rau kev faib cov myopia
Peb yuav tsum paub ntawm no tias pseudomyopia tsis yog kev kho mob "myopia" vim tias qhov "myopia" no tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv txhua tus neeg, hauv txhua lub xeev refractive, thiab txhua lub sijhawm, thiab qhov muag yuav nkees. Cov myopia uas ploj tom qab cov menyuam kawm ntawv tau nthuav dav yog pseudomyopia, thiab cov myopia uas tseem muaj yog qhov tseeb myopia.
Axial myopia yog cais raws li qhov ua rau muaj kev txawv txav hauv cov xov xwm refractive hauv lub qhov muag.
Yog hais tias lub qhov muag yog emmetropic, ntau yam refractive media nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag tsuas yog refract lub teeb mus rau lub retina. Rau cov neeg uas yog emmetropic, tag nrho refractive hwj chim ntawm ntau yam refractive xov xwm nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag thiab qhov kev ncua deb (qhov muag axis) los ntawm lub cornea nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub qhov muag mus rau lub retina tom qab yog raws nraim matched.
Yog tias tag nrho lub zog refractive loj dhau los yog qhov kev ncua deb ntev dhau lawm, lub teeb yuav poob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm retina thaum saib deb, uas yog myopia. Myopia tshwm sim los ntawm lub zog refractive siab yog refractive myopia (ua rau lub pob ntseg txawv txav, lub ntsej muag txawv txav, cataracts, ntshav qab zib, thiab lwm yam), thiab axial myopia tshwm sim los ntawm qhov elongation ntawm axial ntev ntawm lub qhov muag dhau lub xeev emmetropic (hom myopia uas. feem ntau cov neeg muaj).
Cov neeg feem coob tsim myopia ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv. Ib txhia yug los nrog myopia, ib txhia yog myopic thaum hluas, thiab ib txhia ua myopic thaum laus. Raws li lub sijhawm ntawm myopia, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua myopia congenital (myopia yug), myopia ntxov ntxov (hnub nyoog qis dua 14 xyoos), lig pib myopia (16 txog 18 xyoo), thiab lig-pib myopia (tom qab). laus).
Tseem muaj seb tus diopter puas yuav hloov tom qab myopia tsim. Yog tias lub diopter tsis hloov ntau tshaj ob xyoos, nws ruaj khov. Yog hais tias lub diopter tseem nyob ntev li ntawm ob xyoos, nws yog kev vam meej.
Summary of myopia classification
Hauv kev kho mob ophthalmology thiab optometry, muaj ntau ntau lwm yam kev faib tawm ntawm myopia, uas peb yuav tsis qhia vim muaj kev txawj ntse microscopic. Muaj ntau ntau yam kev faib tawm ntawm myopia, uas tsis sib haum. Lawv tsuas yog xav txog qhov nyuaj thiab tsis paub tseeb ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm myopia tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob. Peb yuav tsum piav qhia thiab paub qhov txawv ntawm cov myopia los ntawm ntau yam.
Qhov teeb meem myopia ntawm peb txhua tus ntawm peb cov neeg myopic yuav tsum yog ib ceg ntawm cov kab mob sib xws. Nws yog undoubtedly unscientific los tham txog myopia tiv thaiv thiab tswj tsis hais txog kev faib myopia.
Post lub sij hawm: Nov-24-2023